| Calculation | Formula |
|---|---|
| Bolt torque | T = K × F × d |
| Surface speed | Vc = π × D × RPM ÷ 1000 |
| Spindle RPM | RPM = 1000 × Vc ÷ (π × D) |
| Feed rate | Feed = RPM × flutes × chip load |
| Mass from volume | m = volume × density |
| Hydraulic force | F = pressure × area |
| Electrical power | P = V × I |
| Ohm's law | V = I × R |
| Beam central deflection | δ = F L³ ÷ (48 E I) |
| Pump power | P = pressure × flow ÷ efficiency |
Reference values are general. Confirm the specification, standard and material required for the actual job.